Sociability In Beta
Just ’cause Stingray pointed out the obvious solution to me spinning around in my office chair debating if there was anything I could possibly find to say more than a Twitter’s worth of words about today.
A great deal of time and energy has been spent on the domestication and social behavior of dogs, because they are an obvious candidate; they’re our oldest domesticated species by far, they’ve played the most different roles in our species’ history and forms of civilization, they’ve returned to feral states in a few times and places along the path and provided that additional data point, and being dogs, they are generally cooperative with our efforts.
Another thing that makes dogs particularly felicitous to study as the ur-example of domestication is that they have a life history and ecological niche that is relatively close to ours; humans and canines are both group-living, cooperatively foraging, cooperatively breeding generalist predators. It was not a huge leap for a canine to allow us to share care and raising of their young, as packs of canids generally all pitch in to a litter of puppies. We understand each other relatively easily; even if we are wide branches apart in our physiology and history, we have a shared world and outlook.
Cats are different. Canids have a long and robust history of group living and sociality, but felids are most often solitary with a few scattered species here and there that have some degree of group living, or at least mutual toleration. Lions are the only felid that has fully embraced group living and cooperative breeding and hunting, and even then it’s the former rather than the latter that truly benefits them. Two to three lions would do best bringing down the biggest game that would give the whole group the biggest share of food, and indeed that is the size of the groups the bachelor males tend to form when between prides- more lions gives less food per lion for the same general amount of effort. Big prides don’t bring lions more food, they bring them babies that live- Having a few lionesses looking after the cubs at all times brings them a much lower infant mortality rate than other felids can manage, even accounting for the attrition of unlucky cubs to new incoming males*.
Until the last twenty years or so, the generally accepted dogma was that lions were the only truly social felid out there, and any and all other social behavior witnessed was due to adaptation to unnatural conditions. It is now known that wild male cheetahs will do some cooperative group living and behavior under the right circumstances, and that colonies of domestic cats, whether feral, living within shelters, or living within households definitely feature some wide-scale organized social behavior as well. As an artifact, when reading older literature about cat behavior, you’ll often see their social behaviors framed in terms of redirected fragments of other behaviors; cats rub against you because they’re scent-marking you as their property (not true, rubbing is an affectionate feline social gesture, and one most commonly directed from someone lower in the pecking order to someone higher), cats relate to you as though you were their mother (because it was thought that the only relevant social behaviors cats had were from mother to young or mate to mate), and so on.
As it happens, groups of domestic cats act much like lions; when they form on their own without human influence, they tend to be centered around groups of related females, the territory itself tends to be held and inherited among those females, and males come and go, sometimes forming partnerships with brothers or even unrelated buddy males. (The latter types of coalitions between unrelated intact males are more fragile for domestic cats than they are for lions, but they do happen- male lions simply need each other more.) Domestic colonies tend to be much more stable than lion prides, with fewer dramatic ousters of resident males and more males being able to coexist in relative peace.
Cat societies are less rigid than canine societies; while dogs tend to have a fairly structured heirarchy based on sex, relatedness, and seniority, with strict conditions on who is allowed to breed, cats tend to have one or two boss cats, a large middle stratum of member cats, and the odd pariah cat, who often will not stick around long if he or she is able to leave. Even within that structure, the rule of possession tends to prevail; a boss cat may have privileged access to prized sleeping spots and have other cats move out of his or her way as they go, but won’t be able to take food or a mating opportunity from a subordinate cat without a fight.
Behaviors and gestures once classified as crude uses of fragments of territorial and maternal behavior are probably more like the basic feline toolkit of relating to one another; they probably DO have their roots in those behaviors because their roots are indeed in solitary animals, but they seem to have much more flexibility and specificity as social behaviors than we once thought. Cats have a wide range of temperaments; while a dog is a social animal down to its bones, a given individual cat may range from completely solitary (and effectively untamable, even with recent domesticated ancestors) to gregarious and highly preferring the company of other cats as friends, far beyond the potential to mate. It IS known that kittens have a window from about three weeks of age to twelve weeks in which the species they are readily prepared to accept as friends and companions- and which as food- but it’s not completely hard and fast. A feral cat may still be tamed as an adult, but it really is more like taming a wild animal than adopting a pet domesticate.
It’s possible that, even without much direct effort on our parts, that humans are responsible for turning cat-as-we-know-it from a solitary species into a sociable one. Even before it occurred to the cat or the human that friendship would be a good idea, there would have been pressure on cats to coexist in denser numbers around the rich food supplies that colonies of rodents in human grain fields and storage would represent. Even most species of wild cats will live more densely when food supplies are rich, mostly in the form of maturing young spending more time with their mothers and females tolerating the company of their local ranging males for longer and more sociably. Once humans started bringing cats into hearth and home rather than appreciating their good work in the field, the pressure for cats to be capable of- and even thrive off- companiable coexistence would have been quite intense.
Still, evolving from a basic-but-present level of sociability to a more complex and intense form over thousands of years instead of millions shows in places. Dogs seem to have more, and more sophisticated mechanisms for resolving intra-group conflicts and relieving pressures; cats mainly rely on avoiding one another until either everyone calms down or someone can leave altogether. Displacement aggression is much more common in cats than dogs, as are spiraling anxiety-rooted behavior problems. Cats that must live in a group but aren’t friends tend to establish small sub-territories and live around one another rather than with each other, and when they are forced into each other’s territories, problems sometimes explode into existence.
Personally, I find it likeliest that cats know exactly what we are- a non-cat species that can be befriended and can act like a mother, sibling, or baby** as the situation and the roles shift. Thankfully mate stays off the table; we smell all wrong for that.
*Lions are interesting in that they are one of the few species with male infanticide where mothers, and coalitions of related females, will regularly unite to defend as many young as they can from the males. If the cub is old enough to have a fair shot at survival, a mother may leave with her subadult cub. In most other cases (as in primate) the mother and child are more or less screwed, and in a pack of canids the most likely individual to kill a mother’s cubs is her own mother or other older, dominant female relatives. There is now some evidence that related female domestic cats may mutually defend kittens from marauding nonparental males as well.
**The likeliest explanation I have seen for why cats bring us dead or wounded prey as gifts is that they are trying to help us start out hunting. There isn’t, so far as I’m aware, another context to this gifting behavior seen among wild cats.